"China Soft Science" 2005 the eighth period

OF: Wang Yahua, Professor of Public Management, Tsinghua University, deputy director of the Institute of conditions, Tsinghua University, vice president of research in rural China.

Abstract: Large dams are the symbol of human industrial civilization. After nearly a century of development, most developed countries have entered the post-dam era, the dam of the ecological environment and social negative impact of profound reflection, in this context, the international anti-dam movement flourished. This paper examines the development process of the international anti-dam movement, analyzes its limitations and rationality and its different meanings to the developed and developing countries, and puts forward the idea of adjusting the dam and hydropower development policy and decision-making mechanism.

Key words: dam; hydropower; ecological impact; international anti-dam movement

China's dams account for 52 percent of the world's total, three times that of the United States and five times that of India. Nevertheless, China's hydropower resources have only developed 24%. Along with the rapid economic growth and the increasing demand for energy, the first two decades of the new century are setting off a new wave of dam construction. The construction of global dams in the 21st century is the century of China. After the western developed countries entered the post-dam era and the global anti-dam movement flourished, China began to develop hydropower resources with the greatest intensity in human history. Outside the many controversies. How does China respond to the international anti-dam movement? How to learn from international experience to adjust China's dam development policy? This article analyzes the above-mentioned problems.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, it has created the largest scale transformation of mountains and rivers in the history of mankind. For half a century, China has developed into a "superpower" of the world's dams, and now has 86,000 dams, including 25,800 large dams. Far more than second place in the United States (8724). An objective review of the development of China's water conservancy and hydropower development, the international anti-dam movement summed up the lessons on the development of dams in China's dam development process also exist to varying degrees. Looking to the future, China is the world's remaining water development potential of the largest countries, the world has not yet developed water resources in about 20% of distribution in China. China's unique natural conditions and the endowment of energy resources have decided to have a strong dependence on water conservancy and hydropower projects. The construction of dams in the future and the development of hydropower resources are unavoidable. China also determines the size of dams under construction and under construction in the world. The largest country. It is foreseeable that the construction of dams in the 21st century is the century of China. In the next ten years, while vigorously developing hydropower resources, China will not only face greater domestic opposition, but also encounter more and more international society. pressure.

The Chinese government has responded positively to the growing global anti-dam movement. As early as 2003, Wang Shucheng, former minister of the Ministry of Water Resources, put forward a new program for China's dam construction, that is, "we must attach great importance to ecological issues while actively building the dam." Afterwards, a group of experts of hydropower in China have also seriously studied the problems in the dam controversy and put forward some advices such as "building the eco-friendly hydropower construction system" and "strengthening the supervision of ecological environment in the construction of hydropower projects". It is appropriate to absorb the anti-dam movement reasonable factors, at the same time put forward a response to national conditions. It can be said that the international anti-dam movement for China's significance, the most important thing is to encourage people to reflect on how to better dam. For China, the question is not whether or not to build more dams, but how to wisely build dams, how to better promote socio-economic development through water conservancy development through better engineering planning, design, construction and operation At the same time, as far as possible to reduce its negative impact on the ecological environment and society.

China does not need to change its energy policy and hydropower development strategy at present. The need for flood control and water supply also encourages the construction of more dams. However, China needs to make important adjustments in dam and hydropower development policies. The public decision-making mechanism for dam construction and the establishment of a sound environmental management system for dams will require important policy adjustments in the following areas.

First, to improve the operation and management of existing dams. Attention to and improvement of the existing dam management is an international development trend. China's more than 80,000 dams, most of them from the 1950s to the 1970s, were built with dams lacking environmental and social standards, and many of them are aging. We must attach great importance to the maintenance of these dangerous reservoirs, to protect the safe operation and engineering benefits on the basis of its ecological and social to reduce the negative impact on the loss of the dam should be considered for removal. To this end, comprehensive monitoring, assessment and research work on the operation and decommissioning of dams is required. In order to improve the environmental management of hydropower stations in a cost-effective manner, it is recommended that the hydropower sector consider the introduction of ISO 14001 environmental management system.

Second, the scientific selection of water projects, including the dam, and river basin planning. Integrated river basin planning is the basic basis for regulating the development of various river basins, but our work in this area is relatively weak, most of the rivers have not integrated planning or detailed integrated planning, must be strengthened as soon as possible. Planning should address the needs of power and water supply analysis in the basin scale on the selection of various construction projects (including the dam program), the water project layout to do careful consideration. Because of the long planning and revision period of the comprehensive planning, it is suggested that the State Council should consider formulating "the southwestern region (the Jinsha River, Yalong River, Dadu River, Lancang River, Wujiang River and Hongshui River) Or draw lessons from Norway and Sweden and other countries' experience, a clear delineation of prohibited dam construction of the protected river or river, in order to curb the current southwest hydropower development of the disorderly situation.

Third, the implementation of environmental impact assessment of river basin planning. The implementation of environmental impact assessment at the planning level is an effective measure to avoid or mitigate the ecological and environmental impacts from the source. China's EIA law has been introduced into the planning and evaluation system should be implemented as soon as possible to the basin planning work on the basin comprehensive planning, water resources and hydropower development and other watershed professional planning and implementation of environmental impact assessment. Planning of environmental impact assessment should be entrusted with a qualified professional bodies, and extensive solicitation of the views of the public, the results should be announced to the public, the implementation of social supervision.

Fourth, the environmental impact assessment system into a comprehensive construction management procedures. Although environmental impact assessment for large-scale projects has been carried out in China, the environmental impact assessment system has not been widely implemented in water conservancy projects. The key point is that there are no rigid regulations on environmental impact assessment in current construction management procedures. The current water conservancy project construction procedure should be reformed as soon as possible. At the stage of the project proposal, the environmental impact assessment should be carried out on the proposed project, and the environmental remediation and social compensation measures should be proposed as one of the basic basis for project approval. In the feasibility study stage of the project, it is necessary to compare the ecological environmental impacts of various engineering schemes, and to select the engineering scheme with technical economy and ecological environment rationality. In the initial design stage of the project, measures should be taken to reduce the impact of ecological environment. In the construction stage of the project, the ecological environment friendly technical measures should be given priority. During the post-evaluation phase of the project, post-evaluation of ecological environmental impact should be introduced, and the monitoring and feedback mechanism of environmental impact should be established. In short, in all aspects of construction management, the full implementation of environmental management, environmental impact assessment to achieve the institutionalization and procedures.

Fifth, the establishment of the dam's environmental regulatory system. However, the environmental assessment and supervision after the completion of the project is still very weak, which is not conducive to reducing the environmental impact of the construction project, and is not conducive to improving the decision-making and management of the future project. In the future, the environmental management system of the dam should be gradually established while the environmental management is carried out in the construction management program. Governments at all levels, environmental protection departments and engineering examination and approval authorities shall earnestly carry out the responsibilities of environmental supervision of dams, make timely environmental monitoring and evaluation on the implementation of important plans and environmental performance of important dams, and promptly take improvement measures.

Sixth, to further improve the reservoir resettlement policies to protect the legitimate rights and interests of migrants. China's reservoir resettlement policy has experienced a shift from resettlement type to development type. In the future, on the basis of improving resettlement compensation standard and production and living security level, investment-based resettlement can be actively explored, and the resettlers in the reservoir area In a certain shareholding. China's immigration work has made remarkable achievements at the same time, there are still a lot of problems. All levels of government should play a balance of interests and protect the functions of vulnerable groups in hydropower development. In the project construction management procedure, the law of environmental impact assessment should be fully implemented to ensure the right to know, to participate, to make decisions and to supervise. All aspects of the work of migrants should be gradually open and transparent, to accept the project affected the masses and the supervision of the whole society to prevent the occurrence of corruption.